Planning and Analysis of Hybrid Solar Power Plant at Public Electric Vehicle Charging Stations at Nusa Putra University

The increasing use of fossil fuel vehicles causes an increase in air pollution. Electric vehicles are an environmentally friendly transportation alternative, but the problem of charging electric motorbike batteries is a limiting factor to their use. Especially in areas where battery charging facilities are still limited. This study aims to simulate the performance of a hybrid photovoltaic (PV) system using HOMER software for charging batteries on electric motorbikes at the University of Nusa Putra Sukabumi. This research conducts a feasibility study, calculates the Net present Cost (NPC) Cost of Energy (COE) and Break Event Point (BEP) energy requirements to design a PV system, and simulates its performance using HOMER software. This research produces a renewable value fraction of 25.3%. The design of the Hybrid system has been achieved because all the components of the hybrid system at SPBKLU of Nusa Putra University have been fulfilled consisting of 22 545 Wp solar panels, 2 48 V 50 Ah batteries, and 4 4 kW Hybrid Inverters. Based on the economic analysis, the NPC value is IDR 165,882,507, the initial capital cost is IDR 61,432,496, the Cost of Energy is IDR 120,421 /kWh, and the BEP for 11 years


I. Introduction
The constant increase in carbon emissions due to increased dependence on fossil fuels has raised concerns for policymakers around the world [1].The Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources and Energy Conservation (2012) set a 2025 target to reduce the share of oil-based transportation energy by 20%, but the transportation sector, which relies on gasoline, consumes and is predicted to continue to consume roughly 40% of all energy [2].Battery swap is a process of replacing an electric vehicle battery that has run out of power with a fully charged battery at a special station, as an alternative to charging the battery at a charging station.[3], [4]This concept aims to overcome the problem of long battery charging times and expand the range of electric vehicles.[5] In a battery swap system, an electric vehicle driver can drive to a battery swap station, and the vehicle's depleted battery will be replaced with a fully charged battery.[4] [6]This process occurs quickly, usually within a few minutes, allowing the vehicle to continue traveling quickly without waiting for the battery to be fully charge.[7] Fig. 1.Conceptual model of battery [8] Fig. 2. Battery Swap [11] Drivers don't have to wait for the battery to be fully charged, and battery swap stations located in strategic locations can extend the range of electric vehicles [12].Although the concept of battery swap is attractive, its implementation has not become very common due to several reasons mentioned previously, including standardization challenges, infrastructure, costs, and electric vehicle manufacturer preferences [13]., [14] However, in some cases and certain environments, swap battery systems have been trialled and adopted, especially in commercial sectors such as delivery vehicles and large flotillas that require non-stop long-distance travel [15].[16] Table 1.Specification Battery Swaps [17] Voltage Amperes 64V 21 In study related planning simulation generator electricity power Sun hybrid this, station battery swap have power and capacity as in Table 2.2  with study This On-Grid Battery Charging System.The On-Grid battery charging system is a battery charging system that takes electrical energy from the main electricity grid.This system is usually used in public places such as malls, stations or office buildings [18].Electric motorbike batteries are the main energy source for electric motorbikes.The battery must be recharged periodically to ensure optimal electric motor performance.[19], [20] On-Grid electric motorbike battery charging time can vary depending on battery capacity, electric current, and the charging system used [21].
Battery charging System, Planning and Operation Objectives of Public Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructures: A Review, the authors present an up-to-date analysis of the existing literature in this research field, this paper aims to facilitate researchers and technology developers in exploring the stateof-the-art methodologies for each actor's perspective, and identify conflicting interests and synergies in charging infrastructure operation and planning [22].
Design and Optimization of Solar, Wind, and Distributed Energy Resource (DER) Hybrid Power Plant for Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging Station in Rural Area.The objective of this paper is to obtain the best configuration of the hybrid power systems for charging station in a rural area such as Labuan bajo, Indonesia.Thus, the best configuration obtained is then installing with three types of energy storage namely Lead Acid and UNS Lithium battery such as Lithium Ion and Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LFP) to determine the minimum cost of operation and energy cost in a year.The results showed by implementing hybrid systems from PV and DER is the best configuration for off grid charging station.The most optimal battery in off grid system achieved by installing UNS LFP batteries.As a conclusion, by utilizing hybrid power generation technology, the potential for renewable energy in rural areas can be the main key in realizing the availability of charging stations in rural areas with affordable price for supporting electric vehicles infrastructure [23].
Electric vehicle charging station with multilevel charging infrastructure and hybrid solar-battery-diesel generation incorporating comfort of drivers ,Electric vehicle charging station is connected to the distribution network and it is equipped with battery energy storage system, diesel generator, and solar panels.The three-level charging facility including fast, medium, and slow speed chargers is incorporated and optimally designed.The proposed model optimizes the rated power of charging facilities, power and capacity of battery energy storage system, hourly operation of diesel generator, and hourly operation of battery energy storage system.The capacity of charging station (i.e., number of parking slots) and level of network reinforcement are modeled and optimized.The uncertainties of the parameters are also involved.The results demonstrate that the proposed model successfully utilizes all available options to design electric vehicle charging station [24] Deployment and Operation of Battery Swapping Stations for Electric Two-Wheelers Based on Machine Learning, this study developed a data-driven optimization model based on machine learning algorithms using Beijing's battery swapping stations and point of interest (POI) dataset.First, through the spatial features of BSS analyzed by ArcGIS, we found that the coverage of BSSs was mainly concentrated within the fifth ring road, and the utilization rate was unbalanced.Then, on a 3000 m grid scale, a prediction model of BSS quantity with random forest, support vector regression, and gradient-boosting decision tree algorithm was built.The final stacking model was constructed by strengthening three single models with an accuracy of 86.21%.Compared with the original BSSs layout, the machine-learning algorithm proposed in this study can cover more factors and avoid the subjectivity of site selection.Finally, the queuing model for BSSs based on the Monte Carlo simulation was proposed.Through two scenarios, we found that the key parameters (the number of charging slots) and (the user arrival rate) were influential to the outputs of service capability [25] From all the literature and discussion above, there are many opportunities that can be developed in solar power generation systems related to charging electric motor batteries.Something that can be developed is optimizing Pv system at electric motorbike battery charging stations.Therefore, this research will be devoted to analyzing the design of Hybrid PLTS at public electric vehicle battery charging stations at Nusa Putra Sukabumi University which will use simulation with the help of HOMER software.This study was motivated by limited electric motorbike battery charging facilities at Nusa Putra Sukabumi University.This study is also based on previous research which shows that the use of an On-Grid battery charging system can improve the quality and efficiency of charging electric motorbike batteries.

3.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discuss about draft or theory supporters who become base for research, chap This elaborate about system processes hybrid Pv system operation.Explain about research flow, study literature, types research, population and sample, instruments data collection, location research and data analysis.

Research Flow
In Flowchart _ this research explain about studies literature data collection, planning and simulation, then analysis as well as conclusions and suggestions.

Study of literature
Studies literature done for obtain knowledge basic and understanding related concepts _ with hybrid PTLS design and analysis system.Studies literature carried out covers collection journals, books and resources others who support preparation study this.

Types of research
Based on title research, study This seen as study quantitative.Study quantitative involve later collection of numerical data analyzed in a way statistics for get conclusion.

Research Diagram
Figure 3.2 simulation this hybrid is flow research to be become guidelines in do study.

Population and Sample
In this Study No explain in a way Specific population and sample used.However, you can assumed that population in question is an electric motor hybrid and battery at Nusa Putra Sukabumi University, meanwhile the sample is part from population that.

Data Collection Instrument
Instruments used in study This is HOMER simulation.HOMER is device soft simulation for system photovoltaics that can predict solar panel performance, including the solar panels used for fill in battery for electric motorbike.

Data analysis
Study This possibility use method analysis statistics For analyze the collected data from HOMER simulation.Method analysis This can covers use tables and graphs for visualize numerical data as well as calculation statistics like average, standard deviation, and correlation for interesting conclusion from the data.

Research sites
Study This will takes place on the Nusa Putra University campus, located on Jl.Raya Cibolang No. 21 Cibolang Kaler District _ Cisaat, Regency Sukabumi West Java. Figure 3.1 is location research obtained _ from solar atlas.

Solar Radiation Intensity Data in Cibolang
Hybrid PLTS planning location at the station Charging Battery Public Electric Vehicles at Nusa Putra Sukabumi University located at coordinates 6.90º South Latitude and 106.87ºEast Longitude from HOMER.On research This For get intensity data radiation sun then the data obtained is from HOMER software where in figure 3.4 For potency Lowest radiation sun showed in the moon February around 4,240Kwh/m2 and for highest potential _ is at in the moon September of 5,500 Kwh / m2 and for the average heat sun of 4.76% Kwh / m2 Fig. 6.Potency energy solar cibolang

Hybrid Solar Power Generation System
For system generator power Sun hybrid This covers a number of including inverters and charge controllers:

1) Inverter and Charge Controller
Arrange electricity current unidirectional (DC) filled to battery and removed from battery Inverter and Charge Controller Change electricity current unidirectional (DC) becomes current alternating (AC) Inverter and connected via busbar to side AC load synchronization of PLN grid electricity and PV

2) Burden
After electricity generated by solar panels changed becomes AC by inverter, then together with grid / PLN energy electricity distributed to load.Load used _ is as in Table 3.1 Description: Electrical load taken _ For study is burden electricity at SPBKLU Nusa Putra University is 36320 watts.
3) Determining KWH Meter For Determine kwh meter refer to expected usage and load _ used at the station charging electric motorbike battery, which uses 1 piece swap engine and TL lights.For determine the number of solar panels needed is important for know What That watt peak (WP).So, Watts peak is big or optimal nominal watts highest possible _ generated from a solar panel.In Indonesia, the photovoltaic process optimally only lasts only 5 hours,

5) Solar Panel with a capacity of 545 Wp
Determine amount module Sun need is known some should _ noticed like profile burden daily and time optimal solar panels, in study This using solar panels type monocrystalline with 545 wp.Based on equation 2.2 then battery used _ totaling 6 in condition maximum with battery with a capacity of 2400 Wh For every the battery.

7) Inverters
Further more determination Inverters is with based on burden peak.Total load peak at research of 12106 W whereas inverter used _ in study of 4 kW, based on Equation (2.6) then inverter required _ as many as 4 inverters.Because it uses 4 inverters every One inverters connected with 8 solar panels and 2 batteries in condition maximum.

Hybrid System Simulation Design at SPBKLU in Nusa Putra
On planning simulation hybrid this (PLN-Solar cell) will supply burden as big as 12106 watts which consists from machine swap with and TL lamps .Because of limitations from HOMER who doesn't Can include more from 2 inverters in a way direct so for overcome it planning This only will use One inverters just which one this inverter consists of 8 solar panels and 2 batteries.So the burden will be supplied For One inverter of 4 kW with condition maximum.
In Figure 3.7 is scheme from hybrid design using the existing HOMER set the parameters accordingly its components.Seen in the picture that inverter used _ is inverter Fronius USA IG PLUS V 5. 0 with burden peak 4 kw, Battery Li.ONESS , Canadian Solar Panels and Grid .On solar panels and batteries has power output electricity direct current (DC), which is later enter to the inverter for arranged power will _ supplied to load, saved to battery or donated to PLN network.And burden only can obtain Power electricity situation alternating current (AC)

Simulation Process
In study This is a simulation will done with use device HOMER software.Then entered ratings existing equipment _ obtained through calculations and specifications every component

8) Looking for Coordinate Points
In Figure 3.8 it is appearance main from HOMER software where for do simulation first thing _ done is look for point coordinates to be researched, located coordinate from Nusa Putra Sukabumi University is 6.90ºSouth Latitude and 106.87ºEast Longitude     In Figure 3.14 it is window appearance network PLN electricity, where network electricity This is source energy to be combined _ with solar panels.With use window This Can diatir from side electricity and economics.For price from energy electricity on PLN network Rp.955.00 and for price sell return amounting to IDR 955.00.be equipped feature net metering so can arranged the calculation in a way per month.

Renewable Fraction
Based on Table 4.2 does not exists excess production electricity on the system, no exists excess burden moment use system, and no found excess capacity in the system during a year.This thing due to the system have battery and connected to the network.For Renewable fraction is amounting to 25.3%.With thereby if power generated by PV is excessive can redirected F=for fill in batteries on the system and donated to network.So that can applied that system This is system that utilizes energy renewable

Net Present Cost (NPC)
The net present cost value obtained in the system generator electricity hybrid power Sun is amounting to IDR 165,882,507 Negative value obtained from NPC is excess energy that has sold to system PLN network.The result of net present cost This can seen on on table 4.2 and can calculated with use Equation 2.9.For solar panel prices and prices whole including fuel replacement and O&M of 93,783,459 fees the Already including cost from repair and maintenance, next for battery as big as 47,631,546 already including cost from whole including with inverter with total value 24,467,502.

Cost of energy (COE)
For mark This cost of energy is costs incurred _ For produce energy electricity per 1 kwh.COE can is known with with share cost annual with production energy annually by the generator deep hybrid Equation 2.10 where mark total generator cost shared with annual total energy for burden In Table 4  In Table 4.4 it is consumption burden consisting of electricity from AC load DC load and then mark sale to network .For AC load _ eat consumption amounting to 60,386 Kwh / year with mark percentage 99.9%.Furthermore For DC load due to in study This use AC load then DC value zero and for mark sale PLN network 37.3 kwh/ year with mark overall total consumption amounting to 60,423  4.1 is results chart where is the simulation carried out by HOMER for the line shown color blue This is system cost lowest and for color black is condition where meeting predictions results HOMER simulation .For vertical lines with showing cumulative nominal cash flow and the horizontal line shows year forever period return capital.This picture showing results simulation is at in year to 11.So for results simulation using this HOMER For simple payback will return of capital for 11 years.In Table 4.5 it is mark component main thing used in research this.Component prices surveyed based on results available on the market.For price component the union is in Table 4.4

Conclusion
All types of equipment components used to design the hybrid system at SPBKLU Nusa Putra University meet the required requirements in accordance with capacity based on calculations so that it is hoped that the hybrid system will be able to supply electrical energy to the load in a sustainable manner because the potential for solar radiation at SPBKLU Nusa Putra is 4. 76% Kwh/m2 with a renewable fraction value of 25.3%.The Hybrid system design has been achieved because all components of the hybrid system at SPBKLU Nusa Putra University have been fulfilled, consisting of 22 545 Wp solar panels, 2 48 V 50 Ah batteries, and 4 4 kW Hybrid Inverters.Based on the economic analysis, the NPC value is IDR 165,882,507, initial capital cost is IDR 61,432,496, Cost of Energy is IDR 120,421 /kWh, and BEP for 11 years.

Marina
Artiyasa et al. (Planning And Analysis of Hybrid Solar Power Plant at Public Electric Vehicle Charging Stations at Nusa Putra Sukabumi University)

3 MarinaFig. 8 .
Fig. 8. condition charging swap battery in application smartphoneSolar panels used _ in study This are solar panels type monocrystalline already _ attached with capacity 545 Wp.Based on table (3.1) with burden actual 12106 watts then that will be used 22 solar panels, like equation (2.2) with capacity each solar panel 545 Wp.

6 )
BatteryFor calculation battery use equation 2.1 As calculation following so amount battery used _ will get = 12106 80% = 15132 WhBattery used _ in study This is battery pylontech with capacity 2400 Wh.Based on Equation 2.1 then total capacity battery required _ in study This is 1.5132 Wh with 80% battery DOD.

Fig. 11 .Fig. 12 .
Fig. 11.Load Settings In Figure 3.10 it is also possible arranged burden every the hour, which is what the Hour column shows every the hour and for load for enter required load _

Table 2 .
Specification Station Swap battery 8 slots

Table 3 .
Specification Station Swap battery 3 slots 3.1.Related researchIn implementation study This use Lots reference from various research.So that study This of course just it's not A study without basic, but rather A research supported by data _ from study others.Study about analysis planning generator electricity power Sun Once done before.Following relevant research _ Marina Artiyasa et al. (Planning And Analysis of Hybrid Solar Power Plant at Public Electric Vehicle Charging Stations at Nusa Putra Sukabumi University)

Table 4 .
Load electricity daily use _

Table 5 .
Renewable Fraction Marina Artiyasa et al. (Planning And Analysis of Hybrid Solar Power Plant at Public Electric Vehicle Charging Stations at Nusa Putra Sukabumi University)

Table 6 .
Total Net Present Cost .3 it is annualized cost or cost per year operation asset during usage, in table 4.3 consists from solar panels with a total of 4,113,129 batteries amounting to 2,089,011 inverters 1,073,089 as well the total number is 7,276,229

Table 8 .
Consumption Electrical load

Table 9 .
Component PricesAssess the result production obtained in the design system generator electricity hybrid (PLN Solar Cell) can seen in Table 4.6.For mark results production obtained _ deep simulation This from solar panels 18,723 kwh/ year with percentage of 29.3% and from PLN of 45,155 kwh/ year with percentage 70.7%.Artiyasa et al. (Planning And Analysis of Hybrid Solar Power Plant at Public Electric Vehicle Charging Stations at Nusa Putra Sukabumi University)

Table 10 .
Production ResultsIn Table4.7 it is results production energy electricity amounting to 63,878 kWh/ year.show_results from solar panel output in kWh and rupiah form with cost investment for development hybrid generator IDR 165,882,507 and the cost of energy is 120,421 kWh/ year and capable return of capital/ point come back in time 11 like in Equation2.11.

Table 11 .
Economic value from generator electricity hybrid